发送邮件几乎是软件系统中必不可少的功能,在Asp.Net Core 中我们可以使用发送邮件,MailKit发送邮件比较简单,网上有许多可以参考的文章,但是应该注意附件名长度,和附件名不能出现中文的问题,如果你遇到了这样的问题可以参考我之前写的这篇博客。
在我们简单搜索网络,并成功解决了附件的问题之后,我们已经能够发送邮件啦!不过另一个问题显现出来——发送邮件太慢了,没错,在我使用QQ邮箱发送时,单封邮件发送大概要用1.5秒左右,用户可能难以忍受请求发生1.5秒的延迟。
所以,我们必须解决这个问题,我们的解决办法就是使用邮件队列来发送邮件
设计邮件队列
Ok, 第一步就是规划我们的邮件队列有什么
EmailOptions
我们得有一个邮件Options类,来存储邮件相关的选项
////// 邮件选项/// public class EmailOptions{ public bool DisableOAuth { get; set; } public string DisplayName { get; set; } public string Host { get; set; } // 邮件主机地址 public string Password { get; set; } public int Port { get; set; } public string UserName { get; set; } public int SleepInterval { get; set; } = 3000; ...
SleepInterval
是睡眠间隔,因为目前我们实现的队列是进程内的独立线程,发送器会循环读取队列,当队列是空的时候,我们应该让线程休息一会,不然无限循环会消耗大量CPU资源
然后我们还需要的就是 一个用于存储邮件的队列,或者叫队列提供器,总之我们要将邮件存储起来。以及一个发送器,发送器不断的从队列中读取邮件并发送。还需要一个邮件写入工具,想要发送邮件的代码使用写入工具将邮件转储到队列中。
那么我们设计的邮件队列事实上就有了三个部分:
- 队列存储提供器(邮件的事实存储)
- 邮件发送机 (不断读取队列中的邮件,并发送)
- 邮件服务 (想法送邮件时,调用邮件服务,邮件服务会将邮件写入队列)
队列存储提供器设计
那么我们设计的邮件队列提供器接口如下:
public interface IMailQueueProvider{ void Enqueue(MailBox mailBox); bool TryDequeue(out MailBox mailBox); int Count { get; } bool IsEmpty { get; } ...
四个方法,入队、出队、队列剩余邮件数量、队列是否是空,我们对队列的基本需求就是这样。
MailBox是对邮件的封装,并不复杂,稍后会介绍到
邮件服务设计
public interface IMailQueueService{ void Enqueue(MailBox box);
对于想要发送邮件的组件或者代码部分来讲,只需要将邮件入队,这就足够了
邮件发送机(兼邮件队列管理器)设计
public interface IMailQueueManager{ void Run(); void Stop(); bool IsRunning { get; } int Count { get; }
启动队列,停止队列,队列运行中状态,邮件计数
现在,三个主要部分就设计好了,我们先看下MailBox
,接下来就去实现这三个接口
MailBox
MailBox 如下:
public class MailBox{ public IEnumerableAttachments { get; set; } public string Body { get; set; } public IEnumerable Cc { get; set; } public bool IsHtml { get; set; } public string Subject { get; set; } public IEnumerable To { get; set; } ...
这里面没什么特殊的,大家一看便能理解,除了IEnumerable<IAttachment> Attachments { get; set; }
。
附件的处理
在发送邮件中最复杂的就是附件了,因为附件体积大,往往还涉及非托管资源(例如:文件),所以附件处理一定要小心,避免留下漏洞和bug。
在MailKit中附件实际上是流Stream
,例如下面的代码:
attachment = new MimePart(contentType){ Content = new MimeContent(fs), ContentDisposition = new ContentDisposition(ContentDisposition.Attachment), ContentTransferEncoding = ContentEncoding.Base64,};
其中new MimeContent(fs)
是创建的Content,fs是Stream
,MimeContent的构造函数如下:
public MimeContent(Stream stream, ContentEncoding encoding = ContentEncoding.Default)
所以我们的设计的附件是基于Stream
的。
一般情况附件是磁盘上的文件,或者内存流MemoryStream
或者 byte[]数据。附件需要实际的文件的流Stream
和一个附件名,所以附件接口设计如下:
public interface IAttachment : IDisposable{ Stream GetFileStream(); string GetName();
那么我们默认实现了两中附件类型 物理文件附件和内存文件附件,byte[]数据可以轻松的转换成 内存流,所以没有写这种
MemoryStreamAttechment
public class MemoryStreamAttechment : IAttachment{ private readonly MemoryStream _stream; private readonly string _fileName; public MemoryStreamAttechment(MemoryStream stream, string fileName) { _stream = stream; _fileName = fileName; } public void Dispose() => _stream.Dispose(); public Stream GetFileStream() => _stream; public string GetName() => _fileName;
内存流附件实现要求在创建时传递一个 MemoryStream和附件名称,比较简单
物理文件附件
public class PhysicalFileAttachment : IAttachment{ public PhysicalFileAttachment(string absolutePath) { if (!File.Exists(absolutePath)) { throw new FileNotFoundException("文件未找到", absolutePath); } AbsolutePath = absolutePath; } private FileStream _stream; public string AbsolutePath { get; } public void Dispose() { _stream.Dispose(); } public Stream GetFileStream() { if (_stream == null) { _stream = new FileStream(AbsolutePath, FileMode.Open); } return _stream; } public string GetName() { return System.IO.Path.GetFileName(AbsolutePath); ...
这里,我们要注意的是创建FileStream的时机,是在请求GetFileStream
方法时,而不是构造函数中,因为创建FileStream
FileStream会占用文件,如果我们发两封邮件使用了同一个附件,那么会抛出异常。而写在GetFileStream
方法中相对比较安全(除非发送器是并行的)
实现邮件队列
在我们这篇文章中,我们实现的队列提供器是基于内存的,日后呢我们还可以实现其它的基于其它存储模式的,比如数据库,外部持久性队列等等,另外基于内存的实现不是持久的,一旦程序崩溃。未发出的邮件就会boom然后消失 XD...
邮件队列提供器IMailQueueProvider
实现
代码如下:
public class MailQueueProvider : IMailQueueProvider{ private static readonly ConcurrentQueue_mailQueue = new ConcurrentQueue (); public int Count => _mailQueue.Count; public bool IsEmpty => _mailQueue.IsEmpty; public void Enqueue(MailBox mailBox) { _mailQueue.Enqueue(mailBox); } public bool TryDequeue(out MailBox mailBox) { return _mailQueue.TryDequeue(out mailBox); }
本文的实现是一个 ConcurrentQueue ,这是为了避免资源竞争带来问题,写入队列和出队不在同一个线程中
邮件服务IMailQueueService
实现
代码如下:
public class MailQueueService : IMailQueueService{ private readonly IMailQueueProvider _provider; ////// 初始化实例 /// /// public MailQueueService(IMailQueueProvider provider) { _provider = provider; } ////// 入队 /// /// public void Enqueue(MailBox box) { _provider.Enqueue(box); }
这里,我们的服务依赖于IMailQueueProvider
,使用了其入队功能
邮件发送机IMailQueueManager
实现
这个相对比较复杂,我们先看下完整的类,再逐步解释:
public class MailQueueManager : IMailQueueManager{ private readonly SmtpClient _client; private readonly IMailQueueProvider _provider; private readonly ILogger_logger; private readonly EmailOptions _options; private bool _isRunning = false; private bool _tryStop = false; private Thread _thread; /// /// 初始化实例 /// /// /// /// public MailQueueManager(IMailQueueProvider provider, IOptionsoptions, ILogger logger) { _options = options.Value; _client = new SmtpClient { // For demo-purposes, accept all SSL certificates (in case the server supports STARTTLS) ServerCertificateValidationCallback = (s, c, h, e) => true }; // Note: since we don't have an OAuth2 token, disable // the XOAUTH2 authentication mechanism. if (_options.DisableOAuth) { _client.AuthenticationMechanisms.Remove("XOAUTH2"); } _provider = provider; _logger = logger; } /// /// 正在运行 /// public bool IsRunning => _isRunning; ////// 计数 /// public int Count => _provider.Count; ////// 启动队列 /// public void Run() { if (_isRunning || (_thread != null && _thread.IsAlive)) { _logger.LogWarning("已经运行,又被启动了,新线程启动已经取消"); return; } _isRunning = true; _thread = new Thread(StartSendMail) { Name = "PmpEmailQueue", IsBackground = true, }; _logger.LogInformation("线程即将启动"); _thread.Start(); _logger.LogInformation("线程已经启动,线程Id是:{0}", _thread.ManagedThreadId); } ////// 停止队列 /// public void Stop() { if (_tryStop) { return; } _tryStop = true; } private void StartSendMail() { var sw = new Stopwatch(); try { while (true) { if (_tryStop) { break; } if (_provider.IsEmpty) { _logger.LogTrace("队列是空,开始睡眠"); Thread.Sleep(_options.SleepInterval); continue; } if (_provider.TryDequeue(out MailBox box)) { _logger.LogInformation("开始发送邮件 标题:{0},收件人 {1}", box.Subject, box.To.First()); sw.Restart(); SendMail(box); sw.Stop(); _logger.LogInformation("发送邮件结束标题:{0},收件人 {1},耗时{2}", box.Subject, box.To.First(), sw.Elapsed.TotalSeconds); } } } catch (Exception ex) { _logger.LogError(ex, "循环中出错,线程即将结束"); _isRunning = false; } _logger.LogInformation("邮件发送线程即将停止,人为跳出循环,没有异常发生"); _tryStop = false; _isRunning = false; } private void SendMail(MailBox box) { if (box == null) { throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(box)); } try { MimeMessage message = ConvertToMimeMessage(box); SendMail(message); } catch (Exception exception) { _logger.LogError(exception, "发送邮件发生异常主题:{0},收件人:{1}", box.Subject, box.To.First()); } finally { if (box.Attachments != null && box.Attachments.Any()) { foreach (var item in box.Attachments) { item.Dispose(); } } } } private MimeMessage ConvertToMimeMessage(MailBox box) { var message = new MimeMessage(); var from = InternetAddress.Parse(_options.UserName); from.Name = _options.DisplayName; message.From.Add(from); if (!box.To.Any()) { throw new ArgumentNullException("to必须含有值"); } message.To.AddRange(box.To.Convert()); if (box.Cc != null && box.Cc.Any()) { message.Cc.AddRange(box.Cc.Convert()); } message.Subject = box.Subject; var builder = new BodyBuilder(); if (box.IsHtml) { builder.HtmlBody = box.Body; } else { builder.TextBody = box.Body; } if (box.Attachments != null && box.Attachments.Any()) { foreach (var item in GetAttechments(box.Attachments)) { builder.Attachments.Add(item); } } message.Body = builder.ToMessageBody(); return message; } private void SendMail(MimeMessage message) { if (message == null) { throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(message)); } try { _client.Connect(_options.Host, _options.Port, false); // Note: only needed if the SMTP server requires authentication if (!_client.IsAuthenticated) { _client.Authenticate(_options.UserName, _options.Password); } _client.Send(message); } finally { _client.Disconnect(false); } } private AttachmentCollection GetAttechments(IEnumerableattachments) { if (attachments == null) { throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(attachments)); } AttachmentCollection collection = new AttachmentCollection(); List list = new List (attachments.Count()); foreach (var item in attachments) { var fileName = item.GetName(); var fileType = MimeTypes.GetMimeType(fileName); var contentTypeArr = fileType.Split('/'); var contentType = new ContentType(contentTypeArr[0], contentTypeArr[1]); MimePart attachment = null; Stream fs = null; try { fs = item.GetFileStream(); list.Add(fs); } catch (Exception ex) { _logger.LogError(ex, "读取文件流发生异常"); fs?.Dispose(); continue; } attachment = new MimePart(contentType) { Content = new MimeContent(fs), ContentDisposition = new ContentDisposition(ContentDisposition.Attachment), ContentTransferEncoding = ContentEncoding.Base64, }; var charset = "UTF-8"; attachment.ContentType.Parameters.Add(charset, "name", fileName); attachment.ContentDisposition.Parameters.Add(charset, "filename", fileName); foreach (var param in attachment.ContentDisposition.Parameters) { param.EncodingMethod = ParameterEncodingMethod.Rfc2047; } foreach (var param in attachment.ContentType.Parameters) { param.EncodingMethod = ParameterEncodingMethod.Rfc2047; } collection.Add(attachment); } return collection; }}
在构造函数中请求了另外三个服务,并且初始化了SmtpClient
(这是MailKit中的)
public MailQueueManager( IMailQueueProvider provider, IOptionsoptions, ILogger logger) { _options = options.Value; _client = new SmtpClient { // For demo-purposes, accept all SSL certificates (in case the server supports STARTTLS) ServerCertificateValidationCallback = (s, c, h, e) => true }; // Note: since we don't have an OAuth2 token, disable // the XOAUTH2 authentication mechanism. if (_options.DisableOAuth) { _client.AuthenticationMechanisms.Remove("XOAUTH2"); } _provider = provider; _logger = logger; }
启动队列时创建了新的线程,并且将线程句柄保存起来:
public void Run() { if (_isRunning || (_thread != null && _thread.IsAlive)) { _logger.LogWarning("已经运行,又被启动了,新线程启动已经取消"); return; } _isRunning = true; _thread = new Thread(StartSendMail) { Name = "PmpEmailQueue", IsBackground = true, }; _logger.LogInformation("线程即将启动"); _thread.Start(); _logger.LogInformation("线程已经启动,线程Id是:{0}", _thread.ManagedThreadId); }
线程启动时运行了方法StartSendMail
:
private void StartSendMail() { var sw = new Stopwatch(); try { while (true) { if (_tryStop) { break; } if (_provider.IsEmpty) { _logger.LogTrace("队列是空,开始睡眠"); Thread.Sleep(_options.SleepInterval); continue; } if (_provider.TryDequeue(out MailBox box)) { _logger.LogInformation("开始发送邮件 标题:{0},收件人 {1}", box.Subject, box.To.First()); sw.Restart(); SendMail(box); sw.Stop(); _logger.LogInformation("发送邮件结束标题:{0},收件人 {1},耗时{2}", box.Subject, box.To.First(), sw.Elapsed.TotalSeconds); } } } catch (Exception ex) { _logger.LogError(ex, "循环中出错,线程即将结束"); _isRunning = false; } _logger.LogInformation("邮件发送线程即将停止,人为跳出循环,没有异常发生"); _tryStop = false; _isRunning = false; }
这个方法不断的从队列读取邮件并发送,当 遇到异常,或者_tryStop
为true
时跳出循环,此时线程结束,注意我们会让线程睡眠,在适当的时候。
接下来就是方法SendMail
了:
private void SendMail(MailBox box) { if (box == null) { throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(box)); } try { MimeMessage message = ConvertToMimeMessage(box); SendMail(message); } catch (Exception exception) { _logger.LogError(exception, "发送邮件发生异常主题:{0},收件人:{1}", box.Subject, box.To.First()); } finally { if (box.Attachments != null && box.Attachments.Any()) { foreach (var item in box.Attachments) { item.Dispose(); ...
这里有一个特别要注意的就是在发送之后释放附件(非托管资源):
foreach (var item in box.Attachments){ item.Dispose(); ...
发送邮件的核心代码只有两行:
MimeMessage message = ConvertToMimeMessage(box);SendMail(message);
第一行将mailbox转换成 MailKit使用的MimeMessage实体,第二步切实的发送邮件
为什么,我们的接口中没有直接使用MimeMessage而是使用MailBox?
因为MimeMessage比较繁杂,而且附件的问题不易处理,所以我们设计接口时单独封装MailBox简化了编程接口
转换一共两步,1是主体转换,比较简单。二是附件的处理这里涉及到附件名中文编码的问题。
private MimeMessage ConvertToMimeMessage(MailBox box) { var message = new MimeMessage(); var from = InternetAddress.Parse(_options.UserName); from.Name = _options.DisplayName; message.From.Add(from); if (!box.To.Any()) { throw new ArgumentNullException("to必须含有值"); } message.To.AddRange(box.To.Convert()); if (box.Cc != null && box.Cc.Any()) { message.Cc.AddRange(box.Cc.Convert()); } message.Subject = box.Subject; var builder = new BodyBuilder(); if (box.IsHtml) { builder.HtmlBody = box.Body; } else { builder.TextBody = box.Body; } if (box.Attachments != null && box.Attachments.Any()) { foreach (var item in GetAttechments(box.Attachments)) { builder.Attachments.Add(item); } } message.Body = builder.ToMessageBody(); return message; } private AttachmentCollection GetAttechments(IEnumerableattachments) { if (attachments == null) { throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(attachments)); } AttachmentCollection collection = new AttachmentCollection(); List list = new List (attachments.Count()); foreach (var item in attachments) { var fileName = item.GetName(); var fileType = MimeTypes.GetMimeType(fileName); var contentTypeArr = fileType.Split('/'); var contentType = new ContentType(contentTypeArr[0], contentTypeArr[1]); MimePart attachment = null; Stream fs = null; try { fs = item.GetFileStream(); list.Add(fs); } catch (Exception ex) { _logger.LogError(ex, "读取文件流发生异常"); fs?.Dispose(); continue; } attachment = new MimePart(contentType) { Content = new MimeContent(fs), ContentDisposition = new ContentDisposition(ContentDisposition.Attachment), ContentTransferEncoding = ContentEncoding.Base64, }; var charset = "UTF-8"; attachment.ContentType.Parameters.Add(charset, "name", fileName); attachment.ContentDisposition.Parameters.Add(charset, "filename", fileName); foreach (var param in attachment.ContentDisposition.Parameters) { param.EncodingMethod = ParameterEncodingMethod.Rfc2047; } foreach (var param in attachment.ContentType.Parameters) { param.EncodingMethod = ParameterEncodingMethod.Rfc2047; } collection.Add(attachment); } return collection; }
在转化附件时下面的代码用来处理附件名编码问题:
var charset = "UTF-8";attachment.ContentType.Parameters.Add(charset, "name", fileName);attachment.ContentDisposition.Parameters.Add(charset, "filename", fileName);foreach (var param in attachment.ContentDisposition.Parameters){ param.EncodingMethod = ParameterEncodingMethod.Rfc2047;}foreach (var param in attachment.ContentType.Parameters){ param.EncodingMethod = ParameterEncodingMethod.Rfc2047;}
到这了我们的邮件队列就基本完成了,接下来就是在程序启动后,启动队列,找到 Program.cs文件,并稍作改写如下:
var host = BuildWebHost(args);var provider = host.Services;provider.GetRequiredService().Run();host.Run();
这里在host.Run()
主机启动之前,我们获取了IMailQueueManager
并启动队列(别忘了注册服务)。
运行程序我们会看到控制台每隔3秒就会打出日志:
info: Microsoft.AspNetCore.DataProtection.KeyManagement.XmlKeyManager[0] User profile is available. Using 'C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Local\ASP.NET\DataProtection-Keys' as key repository and Windows DPAPI to encrypt keys at rest.info: MailQueueManager[0] 线程即将启动info: MailQueueManager[0] 线程已经启动,线程Id是:9trce: MailQueueManager[0] 队列是空,开始睡眠Hosting environment: DevelopmentContent root path: D:\publishNow listening on: http://[::]:5000Application started. Press Ctrl+C to shut down.trce: MailQueueManager[0] 队列是空,开始睡眠trce: MailQueueManager[0] 队列是空,开始睡眠
到此,我们的邮件队列就完成了! :D
欢迎转载,不过要著名原作者和出处
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